Metformin in Esophageal Carcinoma: Exploring Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Insights.

The HR based on cumulative duration of metformin use demonstrated a decreasing trend, suggesting a protective effect with longer use [ 34 ].

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While metformin did show an almost significant reduction in serum insulin levels and insulin resistance, it did not affect cell proliferation or apoptosis in esophageal tissues.

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