Epidemiology of tuberculosis among children in Beijing, China, 2012-2021.

As EPTB mainly resulted from reactivation of a previous pulmonary infection, the treatment success with the improvement of economic status delayed the reactivation of EPTB, leading to a decreasing trend.

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Moreover, the immunosuppressive medications used for COVID-19 patients can cause reactivation of mycobacterial infections [ 27 , 28 ], resulting in an increasing trend of EPTB and TB infection.

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