23 The reductions in deaths in children younger than 5 years associated with long-established vaccines (DTP and measles vaccines) showed a steady decline, whereas newer vaccines such as the rotavirus and Hib vaccines showed an increasing trend in their association with reducing deaths in children younger than 5 years (online repository). 23 Association between mortality and vaccines In our primary estimation model, all eight vaccines were negatively and significantly associated with mortality in children younger than 5 years in the natural logarithm when each vaccine was included individually in the regression analysis without other vaccines or variables included ( Table 2 ).
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