Electronic and coordination structure analysis The oxygen vacancy concentration in Ru/TiO 2 , Ru/Ti 4 O 7 , and Ru/TiO shows an increasing trend due to the different stoichiometric ratios of Ti and O (Fig. 3a ).
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Constructing regulable supports via non-stoichiometric engineering to stabilize ruthenium nanoparticles for enhanced pH-universal water splitting.
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