The curvature of the LOIC was marginally significant [a4 = 0.14, 95% CI (−0.004, 0.277), p = 0.056], suggesting that whether adolescents or parents hold high educational expectations is related to better parent–child relationships as reported by parents (see Figure 2B ).
Additionally, our findings confirm that adolescent-reported parent–child relationships are more likely to be significant family social resources, substantially facilitating learning engagement. 4.3 Implications The present study investigated the association between parent–child discrepancies in educational expectations and study engagement among adolescents from both the parents’ and adolescents’ perspectives.