Network dysfunction of sadness facial expression processing and morphometry in euthymic bipolar disorder.

The emotion-by-diagnosis ANOVA confirmed the effect of diagnosis ( p < 0.001) with the poorest performance in patients with BD-I relative to those with BD-II and HC (all p ’s < 0.001), and showed the effect of emotion [ F (1, 84) = 31.02, p < 0.001] with the poorest performance for sadness relative to neutral [ t (84) = 5.57, p < 0.001], and a marginal significance for their interaction [ F (2, 84) = 2.68, p = 0.07] with planned comparisons showing Bonferroni-corrected significance for FER-sadness vs FER-neutral difference comparing patients with BD-I [ F (2, 84) = 4.081, p < 0.001] with HC [ F (2, 84) = 4.226, p < 0.001] but not with patients with BD-II [ F (2, 84) = 1.433, p = 0.156] (see Fig. 2 ).

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Interestingly, a previous meta-analysis reported an association of impaired sadness recognition in BD-I, which was marginally significant when including all subtypes of BD [ 35 ].

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