COVID-19 pandemic, Russia-Ukraine conflict and shale gas development: Evidence from fractional integration.

The results obtained from applying fractional integration confirm the information provided by the basic data treatment: on one hand, the overall growth of shale production in the US; and on the other hand, the impact of COVID-19 initially altering the trend direction, only to later return to a positive trend, though with production growth rates lower than those pre-pandemic (Refer to Fig. 1 and Table 2 ) The rationales for such change in the persistence of total shale gas production in the United States are numerous.

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The shale gas production in the United States from January 2000 to August 2022 generally exhibits an increasing trend.

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