mRNA-LNP COVID-19 Vaccine Lipids Induce Complement Activation and Production of Proinflammatory Cytokines: Mechanisms, Effects of Complement Inhibitors, and Relevance to Adverse Reactions.

The proposal of primarily alternative pathway activation by Comirnaty was strongly supported by the highly significant correlation between the vaccine-induced increases in C5a and both sC5b-9 and Bb ( Figure 3 A,B), but not between C5a and C4d ( Figure 3 C).

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