Population structure and identification of genomic regions associated with productive traits in five Italian beef cattle breeds.

Prior to statistical analysis, SNP data were filtered, using the BITE package 61 in R v4.0.5, according to the following criteria: (i) SNPs with call rates less than 95%, (ii) minor allele frequencies less than 5%, (iii) missing genotypes more than 5%, and iv) SNPs with highly significant deviation from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium ( P -value < 10 −6 ) 62 were eliminated.

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