Among subnational provinces, the ASDR varied from 9.5 (14.9–15.9) in Tehran to 58.5 (39.6–79.8) in Hormozgan and 5.6 (2.9–8.8) in Tehran to 37.7 (27–51.1) in Ardebil in 1990 and 2019, respectively, showing a decreasing trend over time.
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Unveiling the lead exposure attributed burden in Iran from 1990 to 2019 through the lens of the Global Burden of Disease study 2019.
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Analysis of the burden at the subnational level revealed the following outcomes: the lowest and highest ASDR in 2019 was 0.6 (0.3–0.8) (Tehran) and 4.6 (3.3–6.1) (Sistan and Baluchistan), respectively; unlike other trends, the ASDR due to CKDs showed an increasing trend in some provinces like top four provinces with the highest ASDR in 2019: 1.