Community interventions for pandemic preparedness: A scoping review of pandemic preparedness lessons from HIV, COVID-19, and other public health emergencies of international concern.

Differences in approaches to conceptualisation of community, and CICICE, contributed to challenges in identifying definitive effects of community-oriented interventions and policies–a task that is in any case difficult because causal pathways from intervention to outcome are complex and there may be significant time lags between the point of intervention and the identification of an effect.

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