Recombinational exchange of M-fibril and T-pilus genes generates extensive cell surface diversity in the global group A <i>Streptococcus</i> population.

Inferred pilin genotypes applied to a meta-analysis of global population-based collections of pharyngitis and impetigo isolates reveal highly significant associations between pilin genotypes and GAS infection at distinct ecological niches, consistent with a role for pilin gene products in adaptive evolution.

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