The alterations of oral, airway and intestine microbiota in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The forest plot analysis indicated that most AECOPD microbiota exhibiting a decreasing trend in alpha-diversity compared to other groups, which was consistent with the result of Avalos-Fernandez et al.’s meta-analysis; however, overall results did not demonstrate significant differences, this might be constrained by the limited number of included studies ( 30 ).

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We did not find any significant difference in the alpha-diversity of the microbiota between COPD and HC; however, we observed an increasing trend of certain microbiota in the diseased state.

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