Raising an Eye at Facial Muscle Morphology in Canids.

But are such cues resulting from and reserved for human-directed communication alone? “Body language” is known to be highly significant in canine communication among conspecifics and in interactions with non-kin, alike [ 12 , 13 , 14 ], and facial communication is also important for many other species [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ].

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