Influence of Nickel on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Medium-Carbon Spring Steel.

(4) The cryogenic impact toughness of the medium-carbon spring steel shows an increasing trend with an increasing nickel content due to the refinement of the sub-microstructure of martensite (including packet and block) and the increase in the proportion of HAGBs, which shifts the brittle temperature zone to lower temperatures.

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Moreover, as the nickel content increased from 0 wt.% to 1 wt.%, the M s temperature reduced from 345 °C to 318 °C, aligning well with the empirical calculation formula included in the relevant literature [ 19 ]. (1) M s = 492 − 125 x C(wt.%) − 65.5 x Mn(wt.%) − 10 x Cr(wt.%) − 29 x Ni(wt.%), °C Nickel can enlarge the γ phase region in the Fe-C phase diagram, and the Ac 3 temperatures of the tested steel exhibited a decreasing trend with an increasing nickel content, which is consistent with the related literature [ 16 , 20 ].

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