Effects of confounding and effect-modifying lifestyle, environmental and medical factors on risk of radiation-associated cardiovascular disease.

[ 39 ] reported markedly higher risks for females, with ERR/Gy of 4.22 (90% CI 1.72 to 7.21) for all CVD, 6.17 (90% CI 2.44 to 10.92) for ischemic heart disease (IHD), and 2.67 (90% CI < 0 to 9.79) for CeVD, compared with ERR/Gy for males for the same endpoints of 0.20 (90% CI 0.07 to 0.36), 0.16 (90% CI -0.01 to 0.34), and 0.48 (90% CI 0.10 to 0.91), respectively; these differences were highly significant for all CVD ( p = 0.005) and IHD ( p = 0.004), but not for CeVD ( p > 0.50) (Tables 2 and 3 ).

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[ 22 ] reported borderline significant modifications in risk by age at exposure (ERR/Gy age < 45 = 0.242 (95% CI 0.044 to 0.823), age 45–49 = 0.111 (95% CI 0.012 to 0.401), age 50–70 = 0.025 (95% CI -0.014 to 0.119), heterogeneity p = 0.07) (Table 1 ).

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