Evaluation of Salivary Biomarkers and Spirometry for Diagnosing COPD in Non-Smokers and Smokers of Polish Origin

Biomedicines · 2024 · PMC11200520

Europe PMC

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an increasing trendno p-value reported

In healthy and I, II, III, and IV-stage groups, the NE level showed an increasing trend for the more advanced COPD grade [ 52 ].

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