Based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database study, current smokers exhibited a significantly higher risk of developing kidney stones compared to non-smokers, with an odds ratio of 1.17 (95% CI: 1.04–1.31, p = 0.009), and a positive trend in risk was also noted.
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The Multidisciplinary Approach in the Management of Patients with Kidney Stone Disease-A State-of-the-Art Review.
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