Relationships between sodium, fats and carbohydrates on blood pressure, cholesterol and HbA1c: an umbrella review of systematic reviews.

53 In general populations, low-fat diets substituting fat for carbohydrate reduced HDL cholesterol (overall range: −0.01 to −0.09 mmol/L), 45–48 and the relationship was significant 46–48 or borderline significant. 45 Increasing MUFA to replace saturated fat was significantly associated with lower HDL cholesterol (mean: −0.002 mmol/L). 23 One study identified a statistically significant relationship between PUFA replacing saturated fat and lower HDL cholesterol (mean:−0.005 mmol/L), 23 whereas three reported non-significant findings. 39 40 54 Two studies of PUFA replacing other dietary energy in populations with diabetes report different direction of effects for HDL 41 52 and both were statistically significant.

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