Comparing opioid utilization and costs for surgical management of single-level spondylolisthesis: A national claims database analysis.

Mean family income showed a nonsignificant trend toward higher income in the DIF compared to the DA (p = 0.11). 3.2 Continuous opioid use Multivariate regression analysis, adjusting for age, gender, ECI, plan, and region, using the DA group as the reference also showed no significant differences between both the groups in 90-day opioid use (aOR =

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