Acoustic Shadowing to Facilitate Ultrasound Guided Arterial Cannulation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

The interpretation of I2 results adhered to established guidelines: 0–40% indicated heterogeneity might not be significant; 30–60% suggested moderate heterogeneity; 50–90% indicated substantial heterogeneity; and 75–100% suggested considerable heterogeneity (Cochrane Handbook). 12 Given the inclusion of only a small number of studies, substantial uncertainty existed in the value of I2; therefore, the p -value from the Chi-square test was also considered.

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