Do Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) mite flows between Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies bias colony infestation evaluation for resistance selection?

In either case, as the effect of the individual apiaries on colony infestation level was highly significant ( Table 3 ), the results also indicate that more than the local colony density, the practice of each beekeeper is likely to have had the highest impact on the infestation levels of his/her colonies ( Lerch 2020 , Hernandez et al. 2022 ).

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