A study on a fixed-bed for Pb(ii) removal by modified alkaline lignin-sodium alginate composite hydrogel.

As the initial Pb( ii ) concentration rose from 5 to 20 mg L −1 , there was a slight increase in the slope of the breakthrough curve from the breakthrough point to the saturation point (mass transfer zone), accompanied by a decreasing trend in both t b (breakthrough time) and t s (saturation time) ( Fig. 5a and Table 2 ).

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el-II for Pb( ii ) was determined to be 42.2 mg g −1 ; (4) increasing the packing height of the fixed bed, reducing the inflow rate of the fixed bed, lowering initial Pb( ii ) concentration, and setting the inflow direction to bottom inflow, the maximum adsorption capacity of Pb( ii ) overall shows an increasing trend, which is beneficial for Pb( ii ) removal from water or wastewater; (5) the adsorption capacity of regenerated hydrogel-II still maintains good performance after three adsorption–desorption cycles, indicating that hydrogel-II has potential application prospects in the treatment of Pb( ii ).

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