Evolutionary dynamics and comparative pathogenicity of clade 2.3.4.4b H5 subtype avian influenza viruses, China, 2021-2022.

• During the period 2015-2022, H5N1 and H5N8 showed higher rates of evolution, while H5N6 showed a decreasing trend. • HI assay suggests that A(H5N1) viruses may be antigenically distinct from circulating H5N6 and H5N8 strains. • Representative viruses of three H5 AIV isolates exhibit variable tissue tropism and pathogenicity in mice. • A(H5N1) viruses pose a higher risk of future emergence.

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