Local and landscape factors shape alpha and beta trophic interaction diversity in urban gardens.

These differences accounted for 11.4% ( F = 160, edf = 1.72, ref.df = 2, p < 0.001), 6.1% ( F = 84, edf = 1.58, ref.df = 2, p < 0.001) and 9.8% ( F = 135, edf = 1.75, ref.df = 2, p < 0.001) of the variation, respectively ( figure 5 and electronic supplementary material, figure S5), with effects being highly significant, far more than the dissimilarity explained by geographic distance alone (electronic supplementary material, figure S7; hosts= 1.98% deviance explained, F = 24.55, edf = 1.96, ref.df = 2, p < 0.001; enemies = 0.8% deviance explained, F = 9.54, edf = 1.90, ref.df = 2, p < 0.001; interactions = 1.66% deviance explained, F = 20.42, edf = 1.95, ref.df = 2, p < 0.001).

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