Substantial terrestrial carbon emissions from global expansion of impervious surface area.

These contrasting trends for the two country groups are linked to their respective ISA expansion trends, with the NAI countries having a strong increasing trend over time (320.9 km 2 yr −2 , p < 0.01), which, again, is partly offset by a decreasing trend for the AI countries (−15.4 km 2 yr −2 , p > 0.05).

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Concurrent with the overall acceleration in global ISA expansion over time, the annual carbon loss calculated by averaging the emissions derived from all ISA products showed a small trend of 0.36–0.78 Tg C yr −2 ( p = 0.10/ p < 0.05) over 1993–2018 (Fig. 1c ).

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