highly significantp < 0.001
Highly significant associations of hemoparasitism were observed between calves and yearlings ( p < 0.001, Odds ratio = 21.340, 95% CI = 3.200–907.871), lactating ( p < 0.01, Odds ratio = 6.600, 95% CI = 1.808–36.516), and dry ( p < 0.001, Odds ratio = 10.457, 95% CI = 2.363–96.242) cows.