Dexamethasone Long-Term Controlled Release from Injectable Dual-Network Hydrogels with Porous Microspheres Immunomodulation Promotes Bone Regeneration.

In terms of the ability to induce macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype, the effect of the 1% group was the most significant, with the remaining groups showing an increasing trend in the order of the 0, 0.25, 2, and 0.5% groups.

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Regarding the expression of BMP and OPN, the groups showed a decreasing trend in the order of 1% > 0.5% > 0.25% > 0%, while the 2% group did not significantly differ from the control group.

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