Genetic risk factors for COVID-19 and influenza are largely distinct.

In contrast, defining influenza infection more loosely based on whether a participant reported having flu-like symptoms in the 2019–2020 or 2020–2021 flu seasons (43,956 cases versus 250,673 controls) led to attenuated effect sizes but still highly significant associations: OR = 0.93 and P = 1.7 × 10 −7 for ST6GAL1 , and OR = 0.95 and P = 4.0 × 10 −11 for B3GALT5 (Fig. 2 ).

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