For example, the differences in results between waves of personal victimization and intimate partner violence suggest that even within the broad category of “adulthood,” there may be significant developmental phases that need to be accounted for in future research examining the etiology of adulthood victimization.
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Studies, for example, have shown that rates of nonviolent victimization are relatively similar for males and females, a finding that has been shown to be robust and stable across time and space, with only a slight trend towards a greater proportion of female than male victims ( Rand, 2009 ).