Suitability of coconut bran and biochar as a composite substrate for lettuce cultivation in aquaponic systems.

A previous study demonstrated that incorporating biochar into a sand substrate had a favorable impact on the development of lettuce during the first 2 weeks, particularly on shoot height, followed by a decreasing trend [ 45 ].

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However, the relative abundance of Bacteroidota in the treatment groups exhibited an increasing trend till the 15th day, follow by decreasing trend till on the 30th day.

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