Combining functional and morphological retinal vascular characteristics achieves high-precision diagnosis of mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

From Normal to NDR and then to mild NPDR group, the functional parameter ODR of all vessels, main and micro vessels showed an increasing trend continuously.

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Vascular endothelial dysfunction in diabetes is mainly characterized by decreased endothelium-dependent relaxation and/or enhanced endothelium-dependent contractile function, so it will lead to vasoconstriction throughout course of diabetes [ 38 ], and the vessel diameter showed a decreasing trend in NDR.

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