Effects of Low-Temperature Stress on Physiological Characteristics and Microstructure of Stems and Leaves of <i>Pinus massoniana</i> L.

Actual photochemical efficiency ( ΦPSII ), electron transport rate (ETR), and photochemical quenching ( qP ) indexes were significantly lower than that of the control under 10 °C, 0 °C, and −5 °C stress and showed a decreasing trend with decreasing temperature.

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Compared to the control at 25 °C, the minimum fluorescence value ( Fo ) increased significantly under 0 °C and −5 °C stress, reaching a highly significant level at −5 °C.

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Osmoregulatory Substances Proline content in stems and needles of the two families showed an increasing trend despite the temperature reduction, with the highest accumulation at 0 °C.

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