FoxO1-Overexpressed Small Extracellular Vesicles Derived from hPDLSCs Promote Periodontal Tissue Regeneration by Reducing Mitochondrial Dysfunction to Regulate Osteogenesis and Inflammation.

2 The incidence and prevalence of periodontitis have recently shown an increasing trend in Asian countries such as China, India, and Japan. 3 Novel nanoparticle delivery systems, such as cell membrane-mimetic nanoparticles and small extracellular vesicles (sEV), hold significant promise for localized antimicrobial and immunomodulatory treatments and tissue regeneration in periodontitis. 4 , 5 The application of dental mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for tissue regeneration and homeostasis has been widely studied. 6 Human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) are the ideal seed cells for periodontal tissue regeneration.

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