The implication of dendritic cells in lung diseases: Immunological role of toll-like receptor 4.

Amylase-trypsin inhibitors found in wheat may be significant dietary allergen activators and adjuvants due to the marked exacerbation of allergen-specific T-cell proliferation and cytokine production with TLR4 engagement. 137 Furthermore, nitrated amylase-trypsin inhibitors produced by tetranitromethane cause far greater proliferation of Th cells and production of Th1 and Th2 cytokines than unmodified ones. 138 It is worth noting that LPS, as a major component of Gram-negative bacteria, is also commonly used in non-infectious lung disease models, such as asthma which is discussed in this section.

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