Global burden of benign prostatic hyperplasia, urinary tract infections, urolithiasis, bladder cancer, kidney cancer, and prostate cancer from 1990 to 2021.

From 1990 to 2021, the ASIR for UTI exhibited an upward trend with EAPC of 0.15 (95% CI 0.10–0.20), while the ASIR for urolithiasis showed a decreasing trend with EAPC of − 0.87 (95% CI − 0.91 to − 0.84), and the ASIR for BPH demonstrated no statistically significant trend (Table 1 , Fig. 1 ; Additional file 1 : Table S1).

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The age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) for UTI exhibited a positive trend (EAPC = 1.02, 95% CI 0.95–1.10), while the ASMR for urolithiasis showed a declining pattern (EAPC = − 1.02, 95% CI − 1.24 to − 0.80) over recent decades (Table 1 ; Additional file 1 : Table S1 and Fig.

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