Imperfections in transparency and mimicry do not increase predation risk for clearwing butterflies with educated predators.

When analyzing only the confirmed bird predation events we found a marginally significant interaction between wing type and background ( χ 2 = 6.30, df = 2, p = .043).

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In line with our predictions, we found there to be a slight trend for the opaque, but not the transparent, butterflies to be attacked more frequently when in an open‐winged posture and suspended above the substrate, than when perched with closed wings on either green or brown leaves.

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