Influence of Ag doping on structural, morphological, and optical characteristics of sol-gel spin-coated TiO₂ thin films.

3 , both the dislocation density and internal strain exhibited an increasing trend with higher Ag doping percentages.

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There is a decreasing trend in grain size with increasing Ag doping, with the 2 % Ag-TiO 2 film having the smallest crystallites at 25.364 nm.

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