Learning performance and GABAergic pathway link to deformed wing virus in the mushroom bodies of naturally infected honey bees.

Expression of GABA-related genes positively correlates with viral load The effect of DWV load on GABA-related gene expression was highly significant in GR bees (GLM, MB DWV log 10 ; β est.=0.473, s.e.=0.108; t =4.365, P =2.28×10 −5 ) while this was not the case for BR bees (GLM, DWVlog 10 ; β est.=−0.248, s.e.=0.134; t =−1.849, P =0.067).

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However, comparisons of the effect between expression of Abat and other genes achieved similar β coefficient estimates and were close to significance (coefficients are given in Table S3 ).

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