Appraising groundwater quality and probabilistic human health risks from fluoride-enriched groundwater using the pollution index of groundwater (PIG) and GIS: a case study of adama town and its vicinities in the central main Ethiopian rift valley.

Using IDW interpolation methods with Arc GIS 10.8, spatial analysis of the physico-geochemical content of water divulged that TDS, pH, TH, EC, Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , K + , Na + , Cl − , HCO 3 − , F − , and SO 4 2− all exhibit a positive trend in the direction of groundwater flow from the upland to the lowland (rift floor).

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