Dopamine has no direct causal role in the formation of treatment expectations and placebo analgesia in humans.

In an explorative, not preregistered ANOVA including all 4 EXPECT score rating time points as factor levels (BL, preCOND, preT1, preT2), as well as medication and the interaction between medication and rating time points , we again observed no main effect of medication ( F (2,148) = 1.10, p = 0.34, η p 2 = 0.01), as well as no significant interaction effect ( F (6,444) = 0.24, p = 0.97, η p 2 < 0.01), but still a highly significant main effect of rating time point ( F (6,444) = 10.55, p < 0.001, η p 2 = 0.07).

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