Strength degradation characteristics and damage constitutive model of sandstone under freeze-thaw cycles.

Before the 20 freeze–thaw cycles, the total energy and elastic energy all showed a decreasing trend; Before the 20 to 60 freeze–thaw cycles, the total energy and elastic energy all showed an upward trend; After 60 freeze–thaw cycles, the total energy and elastic energy decreased again.

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Since the pressure sealing of micro cracks requires energy consumption, the dissipated strain energy shows an increasing trend, which will be slightly greater than the elastic strain energy.

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