Tobacco- and alcohol-attributable burden of early-onset lip, oral cavity, and pharyngeal cancer in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019, with projections to 2040.

Over the same period, the global ASMR and ASDR showed a decreasing trend for both sexes, with faster average annual percentage decreases observed in males ( Supplementary Table S2 ).

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When categorized by GBD regions, most regions experienced a decline in ASMR and ASDR of tobacco- and alcohol-attributable early-onset LOC whereas several regions (e.g., East and South Asia, Western Sub-Saharan Africa, and Eastern Europe) showed an increasing trend ( Figure 1A ).

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