A multi-index comprehensive evaluation method for assessing the water use balance between economic society and ecology considering efficiency-development-health-harmony.

Results reveal that: (1) The water resources utilization efficiency exhibit a changing trend of initial decrease followed by subsequent increase; (2) Southern cities in Henan Province have a higher economic society development level compared to northern cities; (3) I EEWB-E in Henan Province is below 0.60, indicating that the regional ecology health remains consistently vulnerable; (4) I EEWB-H in Henan Province shows an increasing trend, indicating that a gradual improvement and overall upward development in the human-water relationship; (5) I EEWB multi-year average was within [0.53, 0.65] in Henan Province, indicating a state of Proximity imbalance.

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Specifically, the I EEWB-W displayed a decreasing trend from 2010 to 2018, and transitioning to an upward trend from 2019 to 2022.Therefore, the government should implement comprehensive measures from aspects such as industrial structure, water-saving technologies, and human resources management to make concerted efforts to improve the water resources utilization efficiency of cities.

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