Aydin and Bozatli [ 12 ] explored the interactions between environmental quality and medical expenditures in five North African countries over the period of 1990–2019, considering key socioeconomic variables as determinants, with results showing an increasing trend in medical expenditures, highlighting the potential threat of carbon dioxide emissions to healthcare costs, and highlighting synergistic relationships between healthcare, political stability and economic development.
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A measurement study of the environmental quality and medical expenditures of elderly individuals: causal inference based on machine learning.
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