Global trends in adolescent and young adult female cancer burden, 1990-2021: insights from the Global Burden of Disease study.

ASMR and ASDR showed a decreasing trend with higher SDI (ASMR R = −0.37, P < 0.001; ASDR R = −0.35, P < 0.001) ( Figure 3 C and D).

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From 1990 to 2021, regions classified by the SDI, excluding those with a high SDI, showed an increasing trend in ASIR and ASPR.

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Then, the following formula is applied to convert the regression coefficient into the AAPC value: A A P C = ( e β 1 − 1 ) × 100 % This process quantifies the average annual rate of change for the entire study period, providing an overall trend assessment.

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