Violence against women during pregnancy and its dimensions in COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

However, in another meta-analysis study, it was found that the prevalence of overall violence during pregnancy was about 25%, and the separate prevalence of all types of violence, including physical, mental, and sexual violence was 9.2%, 17.7%, and 5.5%, respectively.[ 16 ] By comparing the prevalence values reported in the mentioned meta-analysis study with our findings, an increasing trend was observed in all three types of sexual, physical, and emotional violence during the COVID-19 epidemic.

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The prevalence of physical violence in the present study showed a decreasing trend compared to other meta-analyses conducted before COVID-19 pandemic.[ 15 , 34 ] Sexual violence Based on the result of seven quantitative and cross-sectional studies conducted by Naghizadeh et al .,[ 3 ] Wood et al .,[ 2 ] Abujilban et al .,[ 29 ] Teshome et al .,[ 33 ] Katushabe et al .,[ 31 ] Fetene et al .,[ 30 ] and Abrahams et al .,[ 25 ] the prevalence of sexual violence was found to be 10%.

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