Time-energy budgets outperform dynamic body acceleration in predicting daily energy expenditure in kittiwakes, and estimate a very low cost of gliding flight relative to flapping flight.

Although DBA, an integrated metric of body movement in all three dimensions obtained from accelerometers ( Halsey et al., 2009 ), has been used as a proxy for energy expenditure in a range of species, this method loses accuracy and precision when applied to species that spend a significant amount of time conducting low movement activities or where environmental DBA may be significant (i.e. resting on water or gliding; Fort et al., 2011 ; Jeanniard-du-Dot et al., 2017 ; Halsey and Bryce, 2021 ; but see Duriez et al., 2014 ).

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