For indicators showing a decreasing trend, such as maternal and under-5 mortality rates, one can speculate that these rates might have declined more rapidly in the absence of sanctions.
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Impacts of economic sanctions on population health and health system: a study at national and sub-national levels from 2000 to 2020 in Iran.
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household health expenditure, NMR, MIMR and PCMR showed a significant increase after Cp ( \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\:{\beta\:}_{02}-{\beta\:}_{01}>0)$$\end{document} , while the latter had an increasing trend after the Cp (Upper and Lower of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\:{\beta\:}_{12}>0)$$\end{document} (Table 3 ).