Higher yield sustainability and soil quality by reducing chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer application under a single-cotton cropping system.

3.3 Relations between soil indicators and cotton grain yield From 2014 to 2023, cotton grain yield in its natural state (CK) showed a decreasing trend over year ( Figure 4A ).

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In the present study, cotton yield and sustainable yield index were positively associated with soil organic matter, soil total nitrogen, soil ammonium nitrogen, soil nitrate nitrogen, soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, soil available phosphorus, soil available potassium, soil urease enzyme activity, soil catalase enzyme activity, and soil alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity, and showed a highly significant positive correlation with soil quality index.

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